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Detailed quartz jade

2021-04-19

Quartz minerals are widely distributed in the earth's crust, and there are many types of jade-based quartz. According to the degree of crystallization (or identifiability), it is classified into cryptocrystalline quartz jade (chalcedony, agate) and crystallization quartz jade (quartz rock, wood stone, etc.). The application of quartz jade has a long history. As early as 500,000 years ago, the stoneware made of chalcedony was found in the Beijing Cultural Relics of Zhoukoudian.

First, cryptocrystalline quartz jade:

1. Basic characteristics

(1) Mineral composition: mainly cryptocrystalline quartz mineral aggregates, and a small amount of mica, chlorite, clay minerals, limonite and other impurities.

(2) Chemical composition: mainly SiO2, and a small amount of Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni and other elements exist.

(3) Morphology: dense block, tuberculosis, stalactite or vein, with or without skin.

(4) Color: It is colorless when pure. It can have different colors when it contains different impurity elements such as Fe, Ni, etc. or mixed with different colored minerals.

(5) Gloss: Polished flat glass gloss, the fracture is generally grease luster.

(6) Transparency: micro-transparent - translucent.

(7) Light: It is represented by collective extinction, and is fully bright under crossed polarizers.

(8) Refractive index: Generally, only one refractive index value can be measured by the point measurement method, and the range is 1.53-1.54, and the individual can measure 1.55.

(9) Relative density: 2.60-2.65.

(10) Mohs hardness: 6.5-7, brittle.

(11) Structural features: agate with a strip structure. Layered, concentric, icy, solid or hollow. Appearance: The main varieties of cryptocrystalline quartz jade are chalcedony and agate, which are precipitated from silica colloidal solution. In the voids or fissures of volcanic rocks, the silica solution is precipitated in layers or concentrically to form agate. Since each layer contains different trace impurities, it presents different colors, which makes the agate have a lot of color types. The secondary oxidation zone of the main surface of the chalcedony is produced in the sedimentary rocks. The cryptocrystalline quartz jade can also form sand mines, such as the famous Nanjing Yuhua stone in China.

(12) Origin: Agate and Jasper have a lot of production areas, and Brazil has the highest agate production. The origin of chalcedony is less, and the commercial meaning of green chalcedony is produced in Australia. Taiwan in our country has blue chalcedony output.

2. Main varieties

(1) Classification basis of cryptocrystalline quartz jade

According to the geological origin and appearance characteristics of jade, it is divided into three varieties: agate, chalcedony and jasper.

1 Agate: a volcanic hydrothermal fluid, a fibrous cryptocrystalline aggregate with a concentric strip structure.

2 Chalcedony: The no-band structure, granular microcrystalline aggregate is called chalcedony, and the chalcedony is the product of epigenetic action. Commercially, agate, which is not a strip-like structure, is also called chalcedony.

3 Jasper: opaque stripless structure, granular microcrystalline aggregate called jasper, jasper is a sedimentary cause, containing a lot of impurities and affecting transparency.

(2) Agate varieties

1 color named variety

Agate is divided into red agate, blue agate, green agate, purple agate and black agate. In fact, the natural agate is very light in color, and the agate with bright colors is treated with various treatments such as dyeing and heating.

2 pattern named varieties

Agate has a strip structure and has many names depending on the characteristics of the strip structure, for example:

Onyx: Onyx (English: onyx) is a variety of agate. First look at the meaning of "缟": a fine green fabric that has not been dyed. That is white. In this way, we will say that the agate, which has been called the scorpion-like smudges by the ancients, is so difficult to find samples. In fact, as time goes by, the ability to open mining is increasing, the variety seen, the extension of the place of production, etc., the definition of onyx has been extended. Up to now, it has been said that the leucorrhea with silky lines is called onyx, and the strips are also awkward. The red ones are also produced, and the colorful ones are also produced. The original jade jade essence jade worn on the treasures of the red building dreams is actually It was the rare color of the onyx at that time.

Due to the high hardness and corrosion resistance of the agate, it is possible to have weathered lines in the finished agate application. One of the modern definitions, onyx is also called strip agate, the color is relatively simple, the strip is thin and smooth, the straight is the most typical, the common onyx can have black and white strips, or red and white strips, and even Rare colored stripes. In fact, the "straight" here is not accurate, but there are some original stones. Then, we should use the universal formula to locate the onyx, which is the agate with a sense of streak, including the skein of agate.

From a geological point of view, in addition to chalcedony, the fine minerals that make up the agate sometimes see a small amount of opal or cryptocrystalline particulate quartz. Strictly speaking, there is no striated feature, usually can not be called agate, can only be called a kind of chalcedony. Agate is pure white, because it contains other metal elements (such as Fe, Ni, etc.) to produce gray, brown, red, yellow, blue, green, emerald green, pink green, black and other colors, a small amount of multi-color phase, has become a valuable raw material. The agate block is transparent, translucent and opaque, with a lustrous glass to a waxy finish. Its hardness is between 6.5 and 7, with a specific gravity of 2.65.

Agate has many varieties depending on the thickness and shape of its pattern. Those with a "缟" shape are called "onyx", and those with red stripes are the most precious, called "red onyx". In addition, there are also "band agate", "urban agate", "onyx", "mosquito agate", "japan agate", "zygotic agate", "sauce agate", "cypress agate", "qu Varieties such as onyx and "water agate" (see Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica").

Red onyx is a valuable variety in the onyx, and the colorful enamel is more rare and valuable. There have been clouds since ancient times: there is no red in the agate.

Wrapped agate: Sardonyx (English: Sardonyx) is an agate of various colors entwined in the form of a ribbon. Because the phase ribbon is as thin as oil, it is called skein. Some are red and white, some are blue and white, some are black and white, or as wide as a belt, or as thin as silk, very beautiful, the ancient name is cut agate. Wrapped agate is also a variety often used in jade carvings. Onyx refers to chalcedony with linear parallel strips, and red onyx is a high quality variety. If the onyx has a reddish-colored band or a strip of white or black parallel, it is called "streaked onyx" and it is included as a gemstone that can replace the peridot as the August birthstone.

Moss agate:

Also known as algae agate, "Taiwan" or "algae" is mostly green, in fact, chlorite or manganese oxide infiltrates along the crack, appearing dendritic, fern plant-like pattern.

Color: green, blue, red, yellow, brown.

Appearance: transparent or translucent with branches or moss patterns inside.

Rare: General.

Origin: United States, Australia, India.

Moss agate balances the functions of extreme genders and also enables the wearer to make new friends. It is a must-have for public relations work or business sales.

In the use of crystal energy, moss agate can be used to slow down the sudden development of any part of the body. Can eliminate mental stress and excitement, especially long-term continuous pressure.

In ancient times, people believed that moss agate could make people rich and bring happiness and longevity.

In addition, it can also make people's life and life values ​​evolve without being too bloated, empty and impractical. Of course, people can grow spiritually.

3 water agate agate

In the case of a Mohs hardness of 7, the "water" is justified. It is even harder, so the water agate is especially precious in jade. Some people have proposed the formation of water agate agate, some of which are innately formed, and some are formed after the day, that is, the agate with a hollow cracks into the water and then heals itself. Jade carving craftsmen in the selection of agate stone, first of all to determine that it has "water", and then cut the agate with a cutting machine, cut it is just right: the cut surface is far from the water bladder, can not see the water; cut When it is too close, it is easy to cut the "biliary" and break the "biliary" agate and lose its value. To be just right, not too far away, to see the water, and to know the location and size of the "biliary". On this basis, the masters are unique and thoughtfully conceived and symbolized the water in the water agate. Some performances hold peaches, peaches have water; some show Li Bai drunk. There is water in the wine tank (ie wine); some performances are Simaguang cylinders, there are water in the tank: some show loofah gourd, there is water in the gourd; some are carved big belly Buddha, there is water in the Buddha's belly; some carving Elephants, buffalo, squid, crabs and other animals, animals have stomachs and water in their backs... in different shapes and without repetition. In order to express the "water" in the water agate, the craft masters are really trying their best, and a water-colored agate craft with bright colors and exquisite craftsmanship is often called a film. However, if you accidentally sculpted the water, you will lose all your efforts, and you will lose money if you don’t. It can be seen that a successful water chest agate carving is difficult to sculpt and its craft value is precious.

4 fire agate

The structure of the agate is layered, and there is a thin layer of encapsulating material between the layers, such as flaky mineral crystals of iron oxide. When the light is irradiated, a film interference phenomenon occurs, which will flash a flaming red color. It is a fire agate.

Color: reddish brown, orange, blue, green.

Appearance: vortex, illuminate, small swaying gemstone.

Rare: available at specialty stores.

Origin: United States, Czech Republic, India, Iceland, Morocco, Brazil.

Some agates are rich in iron oxide inclusions and are called onyx. After cutting, they will show OPAL-like color change. The color is warm, lively and warm. It is said to prevent colds, cold and frostbite. Unfortunately, fire Agate is different from other agates, usually attached to the surface of the rock, so it is extremely difficult to find a slightly larger fire agate, and the price is naturally high.

(3) Varieties of chalcedony

1 red chalcedony: the color is reddish, deep red, maroon and so on. It is produced by trace iron oxide and is produced in India, Brazil and Japan. It is also produced in Gansu and Ningxia in China.

2 green chalcedony: also known as Australian jade, colored by nickel (Ni), often in irregular plate shape, block output. The famous place of origin is Australia.

3 blue chalcedony: blue, bright and beautiful, translucent (Figure 12-8-3), there is output in eastern Taiwan.

(4) Jasper

Jasper refers to a layer of chalcedony that is translucent to opaque and affects transparency due to too much impurities. It comes in a variety of colors, such as red jasper (Figure 12-8-4), green jasper and so on. When mixed in different colors, it gives the impression of a natural landscape, also known as landscape jasper. Jasper with red dots is also called "blood dripping stone".

Second, polycrystalline quartzite jade:

Basic nature

The essence of this type of jade is metamorphic rock with a quartz content greater than 85%. It is made of quartz sandstone or siliceous rock through regional metamorphism or contact thermal deterioration. Due to the impurities and metamorphic conditions of the original rock, the mineral composition may contain a small amount of colored minerals such as sericite, chlorite, muscovite and biotite, and the color of the quartzite. Therefore, pure quartzite is colorless, transparent or translucent white, and quartzite containing secondary minerals can form green, blue-green, pink, and black.

2. Variety

(1) Dongling Stone

Aventurine, also known as "Winter Mausoleum", also known as "Indian Jade", is an oil-green quartzite with chrome-containing mica. Its color is beautiful. But nowadays people push it widely, and all the quartz crystals or secondary quartz in the earth's crust are called "Dongling Stone".

The most common in the domestic market is the green dongling stone produced in India. The country producing dongling stone in the world is mainly India, and its emerald green variety is known as “Indian jade”. In addition, Spain, the former Soviet Union, Brazil, Chile, the United States and so on have also found Dongling Stone. China has issued Dongling Stone in Xinjiang, which is called "Xinjiang Dongling Stone". It is a quartzite with a gold effect, and the color varies depending on the impurity minerals contained. The chrome-containing mica is green, called the green dongling stone; the blue-lined stone is blue, called the blue dongling stone; the lithium-containing mica is purple, called the purple dongling stone. The green Dongling stone produced in Xinjiang, China contains green fibrous anomalous. In general, the quartz particles of Dongling Stone are relatively thick, and the flaky minerals contained therein are relatively large. In the sunlight, the flaky minerals can exhibit a glittering gold effect. The most common in the domestic market is the green dongling stone produced in India. Under the magnifying glass, the coarse chrome mica flakes can be clearly seen, which are roughly oriented and slightly brownish under the color filter. The standard chemical composition of Dongling Stone is mainly SiO2; the mineral composition is mainly quartz, and the chromium-containing mica is about 10%-18%. It also contains trace amounts of blue line stone, sillimanite, rutile, hematite, zircon and so on. Since the chrome mica is very small (0.2-2 mm in diameter) scaly and the distribution is relatively uniform, the Dongling stone is brightly oily green and greenish green. It has a strong grease luster and glass luster, translucent to slightly transparent. The refractive index is about 1.544-1.560. Hardness 7, density 2.65-2.8 g / cm3. Sex is more brittle. The texture is dense, delicate, tough and smooth. After polishing, the radiant dots (rutile, hematite, chrome mica, etc.) shine on the background of the oil green, which is very beautiful. This small point is commonly known as the "eye" and is about 1 mm smaller. High-quality Dongling stone tends to have more "eyes" and evenly flashes on the background of oil green.

(2) dense jade

Mixian County jade, also known as "Henan Jade", is named after the county of Henan Province, and is one of the broadest Dongling stones. For a relatively dense quartzite. Most of them are green because they contain green sericite, but also have red, black, and milky white colors. The red may be related to the traces of rutile and tourmaline contained in the black, and the black is related to the carbonaceous matter contained and the trace amount of high-valent oxide of iron and manganese. Compared with Dongling Stone, Miyu has smaller quartz particles and finer structure; mica flakes are sparse and light in color, and there is no obvious gold effect.

(3) Quartzite

Quartzite jade is a dense block composed of granular quartz aggregates with a quartz content of over 90%. In addition to the main component of the stone, it also often contains minerals such as chrome mica, sericite, lithium mica, hematite, and blue amphibole. When pure, quartzite is white, such as Jingbaiyu (or crystal white jade). When containing other minerals, depending on the type and amount of minerals contained, it can be green, emerald green, blue-green, blue-violet, light purple and other colors. Quartzite jade has a hardness of 7, a density of about 2.65, a refractive index of about 1.54, and a glass luster. Because of its dense and delicate texture, beautiful color, high hardness, high height, good luster, good polishing performance and certain transparency, it is popular among Aiyu people, and it is rich in origin, so it is more common in the market. It is a medium and low grade jade. material

Third, silica replacement gemstone:

Due to the formation of SiO2, the gemstone material retains the characteristics of the original mineral crystal form, such as the fibrous structure of the asbestos of the wood and the woody cell structure of the silicified wood, sometimes referred to as pseudomorphic quartzite jade.

Basic nature

(1) Mineral composition: The main mineral is quartz.

(2) Chemical composition: SiO2.

(3) Crystalline state: a crystalline aggregate, often having a fibrous structure. The holinite can have a wavy fiber structure.

(4) Common colors: brown yellow, yellow, brown yellow, gray blue, dark gray blue.

(5) Gloss: glass to silky luster.

(6) Cleavage: None.

(7) Mohs hardness: 7.

(8) Relative density: 2.64 - 2.71.

(9) Photographic characteristics: heterogeneous aggregates.

(10) Refractive index: 1.54-1.55 (often a spot test).

(11) Special optical effects: cat eye effect.

(12) Appearance and origin: The wood-to-stained stone is the silicified product of asbestos and crocidolite. In addition to the import of wood-to-stone raw materials from Brazil, Henan Xichuan also has output.

(13) Quality evaluation: The wood is to be dense, has a strong silky luster, and the stone has a certain thickness.

2. Main varieties

(1) wood stone (silica asbestos)

1 Tiger eye stone: Tiger's eye, or tiger eye stone, is a gemstone with cat's eye effect, mostly yellowish brown, with gauze-like light lines inside the gem. Tiger eye stone is one of the varieties of quartz, which can be made by using pseudo-crystals made of blue asbestos fiber. The blue variant produced by the unfinished process of silicidation is called "eagle eye".

2 eagle-eye stone: blue, blue-green, blue-gray silicified asbestos, when honed into a convex jewel, it is named because of the color, color and color like the "eagle eye".

3 Zebra tiger stone: brownish yellow and blue, stripped wood stone.

Silicified wood is a plant fossil. The trunk of the plant buried in the ground is replaced by silica. It still retains the cellular structure of trees and even trees. The chemical composition is mainly SiO2, and often contains impurities such as Fe and Ca to produce color. Silicified wood is generally not used as jewelry, but as a decorative accessory. Silicified wood can be identified based on hardness, annual Ring strips, and wood cell structure.

Fourth, the optimization and treatment of quartz jade:

Heat treatment

Yellow to brown agate or chalcedony, tiger eye stone contains a lot of iron, heat treatment to form a deep reddish brown. The color after treatment is stable, and there is no need to declare it commercially. Most of the red agate on the market is heated.

2. Dyeing treatment

Agate is dyed with dye or syrup to form a variety of bright red, green, blue and black. The agate (chalcedony) on the market is mostly dyed, but it does not have to be pointed out in the name.

3. Dyed jasper

Dyed in blue to imitate lapis lazuli, the market is called "Swiss Green Gold". The dyed jasper lacks the granular structure of lapis lazuli, and there is no pyrite inclusion. It will fade with a cotton swab swabbed with propylene.

4. Dyed quartzite

White quartzite can be dyed in a variety of colors, the most common being dyed green. As an imitation of jade, it is now dyed in gray-green and white quartzite can be dyed in a variety of colors, the most common is dyed green. As an imitation of jade, it is now dyed in gray-green, imitating the oily green of emerald. The magnified observation green dye is distributed in the vein gap at the interstitial space, and there is an absorption narrow band at 650 nm in the red light region under the beam splitter.

Dyeing green quartzite, it can be seen that the green surrounding quartz particles are vein-like; the green quartz veins are visible in the dyed quartz grains.

5. Quality evaluation of quartz jade:

Quartz jade is mainly used to make small pendants, bracelets, bracelets, necklaces, and carved pieces. Therefore, the quality requirements and evaluation of quartz jade focus on the following points:

Color

Should have a certain color or form a certain pattern, such as stalking agate, landscape jasper and so on.

2. Special inclusions

The inclusions are larger or form a certain pattern, and the value is higher, such as water agate agate and moss agate.

3. Texture

The particles are required to be uniform, the particle size is relatively fine, the structure is dense, and the crack is small.

4. Transparency and blockiness

Requires a certain degree of transparency and blockiness.

5, processing technology

The value of quartz jade raw materials is generally low, but in the processing, if the concept is clever, novel and novel, and the processing is fine, it can also have high value, such as the traditional jade carving "shrimp plate", "dragon plate" and "water" in China. Man Jinshan (water agate ornaments) is known as a national sculpture.


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Hematite meaning and properties

Hematite is used to improve relationships. If you need your personal relationship to be better, carry a hematite with you always.

The name comes from the Greek word for blood. It has been used as an amulet against bleeding, and so is known as the "blood stone". When arranged like the petals of a flower, it is referred to as the "iron rose". Native American folklore states that war paint made from hematite will make one invincible in battle. People in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries wore hematite jewelry during mourning.

Scientists of the Mars Exploration Rover Project believe that deposits of hematite ono Mars .may help prove whether large amounts of liquid water ever flowed on Mars' surface. They say that where water was, life may have had a chance to thrive as well.

Hematite is good for increasing intuition. In jewelry it is best in a ring worn on the left hand.

Healing properties of Hematite

Hematite stimulates iron absorption in the small intestine, which in turn improves oxygen supply to the body. It can be in direct contact with the skin, but results in inflammation for some people, so test it carefully on yourself before use.

Sources of Hematite

Brazil is the most important source of hematite. Other sources include: China, Canada, England, and Germany.


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